U.S. Civil War

The United States Civil war ran from 1861 though to 1865. It started after the Slave states (southern states) secceded to become he Confederate Staes of America. The states that did not secced were known as the "Union" or as the "North".



Main Battles
The American Battlefield Protection Program (ABPP) was established within the United States National Park Service to classify the preservation status of historic battlefield land. In 1993, the Civil War Sites Advisory Commission (CWSAC) reported to Congress and the ABPP on their extensive analysis of significant battles and battlefields. Of the estimated 8,000 occasions in which hostilities occurred in the American Civil War, this section describe the 384 battles that were classified in CWSAC's Report on the Nation's Civil War Battlefields. In addition to the status of battlefield land preservation (not included in this table) CWSAC rated the military significance of the battles into four classes, as follows:

Class A – Decisive: A general engagement involving field armies in which a commander achieved a vital strategic objective. Such a result might include an indisputable victory on the field or be limited to the success or termination of a campaign offensive. Decisive battles had a direct, observable impact on the direction, duration, conduct, or outcome of the war.

Class B – Major: An engagement of magnitude involving field armies or divisions of the armies in which a commander achieved an important strategic objective within the context of an ongoing campaign offensive. Major battles had a direct, observable impact on the direction, duration, conduct, or outcome of the campaign.

Class C – Formative: An engagement involving divisions or detachments of the field armies in which a commander accomplished a limited campaign objective of reconnaissance, disruption, defense, or occupation. Formative battles had an observable influence on the direction, duration, or conduct of the campaign.

Class D – Limited: An engagement, typically involving detachments of the field armies, in which a commander achieved a limited tactical objective of reconnaissance, defense, or occupation. Limited battles maintained contact between the combatants without observable influence on the direction of the campaign.

Battle of Fort Sumter	April 12–14, 1861	South Carolina A Confederate victory: Beauregard takes Charleston Federal fort, first battle of American Civil War.

First Battle of Bull Run or First Manassas	July 21, 1861	Virginia A Confederate victory: McDowell loses to J.E. Johnston, Beauregard; Jackson named "Stonewall".

Battle of Wilson's Creek	August 10, 1861	Missouri A Confederate victory: Union forces under Nathaniel Lyon and Samuel D. Sturgis lose to Confederates under Sterling Price and Benjamin McCulloch. Lyon is killed. First major battle west of the Mississippi.

Battle of Fort Donelson	February 11–16, 1862	Tennessee A Union victory: Confederate army under Simon Bolivar Buckner surrenders to Grant, Union gains control of Cumberland River

Battle of Island Number Ten (Battle of New Madrid)	February 28 – April 8, 1862	Missouri A Union victory: Union victory by Pope over John P. McCown.

Battle of Pea Ridge	March 6–8, 1862	Arkansas A Union victory: Union victory by Samuel Ryan Curtis over Earl Van Dorn ensured continued Union control of Missouri.

Battle of Glorieta Pass	March 26–28, 1862	New Mexico (New Mexico Territory at the time) A Confederate tactical victory. Union strategic victory. Dubbed the "Gettysburg of the West".

Battle of Shiloh	April 6–7, 1862	Tennessee A Union victory: Grant and reinforcements under Buell repulse Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard, but the Union lost more men.

Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip	April 18–28, 1862	Louisiana A Union victory: Decisive battle for possession of New Orleans.

Siege of Corinth	April 29 – May 30, 1862	Mississippi A Union victory: Union forces capture town, Beauregard tricks Union in order to escape to Tupelo.

First Battle of Winchester	May 25, 1862	Virginia A Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson defeats Nathaniel P. Banks. Battle of Gaines' Mill	June 27, 1862	Virginia A Confederate victory: (Seven Days) Lee defeats McClellan.

Battle of Malvern Hill	July 1, 1862	Virginia A Union victory: (Seven Days) McClellan defeats Lee but withdraws after battle.

Second Battle of Bull Run or Second Manassas	August 28–30, 1862	Virginia A Confederate victory: Lee defeats Pope's Army of Virginia

Battle of Antietam	September 17, 1862	Maryland A Tactically inconclusive; strategic Union victory: McClellan ends Lee's invasion of North, bloodiest single day of the war.

Battle of Perryville	October 8, 1862	Kentucky A Inconclusive: Tactical indecisive battle that ended Bragg's Kentucky campaign.

Battle of Fredericksburg	December 13, 1862	Virginia A Confederate victory: Lee beats back repeated frontal assaults by Burnside.

Battle of Stones River (Second Battle of Murfreesboro)	December 31, 1862 – January 2, 1863	Tennessee A Inconclusive: Forces fight to draw/Bragg retreats

Battle of Chancellorsville	April 30 – May 6, 1863	Virginia A Confederate victory: Lee defeats Hooker's Army of Potomac, Jackson mortally wounded.

Battle of Champion Hill	May 16, 1863	Mississippi A Union victory: Grant defeats Pemberton.

Siege of Vicksburg	May 18 – July 4, 1863	Mississippi A Union victory: the siege ends; Grant accepts surrender of second Confederate army under Pemberton.

Siege of Port Hudson	May 21 – July 9, 1863	Louisiana A Union victory: last Confederate stronghold on Mississippi surrenders under Gardner surrenders to Banks.

Battle of Gettysburg	July 1–3, 1863	Pennsylvania A Union victory: Lee loses to Meade, Pickett's Charge fails, ends second invasion of North. Confederate army arrived in Gettysburg to resupply army, unaware of Union army nearby.

Battle of Chickamauga	September 19–20, 1863	Georgia A Confederate victory: Bragg defeats Rosecrans, George Thomas of US anointed "The Rock of Chickamauga"

Chattanooga Campaign	November 23–25, 1863	Tennessee A Union victory: Grant defeats Braxton Bragg and relieves Union forces besieged in Chattanooga.

Battle of Mansfield	April 8, 1864	Louisiana A Confederate victory: Banks Union Red River Campaign halted by the Confederates. Battle of the Wilderness	May 5–7, 1864	Virginia A Inconclusive: Grant and Lee meet inconclusively.

Battle of Spotsylvania Court House	May 8–21, 1864	Virginia A Inconclusive: Grant and Lee meet inconclusively, Grant writes to Halleck "I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all summer".

Battle of Cold Harbor	May 31 – June 12, 1864	Virginia A Confederate victory: Lee repulses Grant, Confederate general says "This is not war, this is murder".

Second Battle of Petersburg	June 15–18, 1864	Virginia A Confederate victory: Lee repulses Grant at back door to Richmond.

Battle of the Crater	July 30, 1864	Virginia A Confederate victory: Lee defeats Burnside.

Battle of Mobile Bay	August 2–23, 1864	Alabama A Union victory: David Farragut takes port, says "Damn the torpedoes, full speed ahead".

Battle of Jonesborough	August 31 – September 1, 1864	Georgia A Union victory: William J. Hardee's Confederates defeated, resulting in Atlanta's fall the following day.

Battle of Opequon (Third Battle of Winchester)	September 19, 1864	Virginia A Union victory: Sheridan defeats Early, several officers killed or wounded on both sides.

Battle of Cedar Creek	October 19, 1864	Virginia A Union victory: Sheridan defeats Early, drives Confederates from Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of Westport	October 23, 1864	Missouri A Union victory: Union forces win decisive battle to take control of Missouri.

Battle of Franklin (1864)	November 30, 1864	Tennessee A Union victory: Hood attacks Schofield but suffers crushing losses; Pickett's Charge of the West.

Battle of Nashville	December 15–16, 1864	Tennessee A Union victory: Thomas attacks and virtually destroys Hood's Confederate Army of Tennessee.

Second Battle of Fort Fisher	January 13–15, 1865	North Carolina A Union victory: Union takes fort.

Battle of Bentonville	March 19–21, 1865	North Carolina A Union victory: Sherman defeats Confederates

Battle of Fort Stedman	March 25, 1865	Virginia A Union victory: Lee attempts to break siege.

Battle of Five Forks	April 1, 1865	Virginia A Union victory: Sheridan routs Confederates.

Third Battle of Petersburg	April 2, 1865	Virginia A Union victory: Grant defeats Lee.

Battle of Fort Blakely	April 2–9, 1865	Alabama A Union victory: Union forces capture fort outside of Mobile.

Battle of Appomattox Court House	April 9, 1865	Virginia A Union victory: Lee's forces surrounded. He subsequently surrenders.

Battle of Rich Mountain	July 11, 1861	West Virginia (Virginia at the time) B Union victory: Confederate forces under Gen. Robert S. Garnett split in half mid-battle by Union forces under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan one half surrenders, the other escapes.

Battle of Carnifex Ferry	September 10, 1861	West Virginia (Virginia at the time) B Union victory: Confederates withdraw by night after several hours of fighting.

Battle of Cheat Mountain	September 12–15, 1861	West Virginia (Virginia at the time) B Union victory: 300 Union troops withstand uncoordinated Confederate attacks.

Battle of Ball's Bluff	October 21, 1861	Virginia B Confederate victory: 550 Union soldiers captured.

Battle of Chustenahlah	December 26, 1861	Oklahoma (Indian Territory at the time) B Confederate victory: Opothleyahola defeated, flees to Kansas.

Battle of Mill Springs	January 19, 1862	Kentucky B Union victory: Felix Zollicoffer killed.

Battle of Fort Henry	February 6, 1862	Tennessee B Union victory: Ulysses S. Grant and Foote's gunboats gain control of Tennessee River by defeating Lloyd Tilghman

Battle of Roanoke Island	February 7–8, 1862	North Carolina B Union victory: Union forces under Ambrose E. Burnside capture island from Henry A. Wise

Battle of Valverde	February 20–21, 1862	New Mexico (New Mexico Territory at the time) B Confederate victory: Union forces routed in New Mexico Territory.

Battle of Hampton Roads	March 8–9, 1862	Virginia B Inconclusive: USS Monitor battles CSS Virginia, battle ends in a draw. Battle of New Bern	March 14, 1862	North Carolina B Union victory: Union troops disembark from ships and capture the town.

First Battle of Kernstown	March 23, 1862	Virginia B Union victory: Union forces defeat Confederates under "Stonewall" Jackson.

Siege of Yorktown (1862) (Battle of Yorktown)	 April 5 – May 4, 1862	Virginia B Inconclusive: Union troops win skirmish near site of decisive Revolutionary War battle.

Battle of Fort Pulaski	April 10–11, 1862	Georgia B Union victory: Union blockade closes Savannah, Georgia. Parrott rifle makes masonry forts obsolete.

Capture of New Orleans	April 25 – May 1, 1862	Louisiana B Union victory: Union forces capture city.

Battle of Williamsburg	May 5, 1862	Virginia B Inconclusive: McClellan and Longstreet fight inconclusive battle.

Battle of Drewry's Bluff	May 15, 1862	Virginia B Confederate victory: Union naval attack repelled by Confederate artillery.

Battle of Seven Pines	May 31 – June 1, 1862	Virginia B Inconclusive: J.E. Johnston attacks Union forces, wounded, inconclusive

Battle of Memphis	June 6, 1862	Tennessee B Union victory: Union forces capture the city.

Battle of Cross Keys	June 8, 1862	Virginia B Confederate victory: John C. Fremont defeated by elements of Stonewall Jackson's force.

Battle of Port Republic	June 9, 1862	Virginia B Confederate victory: Costly victory for Stonewall Jackson.

Battle of James Island (Battle of Secessionville)	June 16, 1862	South Carolina B Confederate victory: Union repulsed, Union commander later court-martialed for disobeying orders.

Battle of Beaver Dam Creek	June 26, 1862	Virginia B Union victory: (Seven Days) Robert E. Lee defeated.

Battle of Glendale	June 30, 1862	Virginia B Inconclusive: (Seven Days) McClellan retreats from Lee's Confederates.

Battle of Baton Rouge	August 5, 1862	Louisiana B Union victory:

Battle of Cedar Mountain	August 9, 1862	Virginia B Confederate victory: Union forces repelled by Confederate counter-attack.

Battle of Manassas Station Ops. August 25–27, 1862	Virginia B Confederate victory: Jackson turns into Pope's rear area; destroys Manassas Station.

Battle of Richmond (Kentucky)	August 30, 1862	Kentucky B Confederate victory: Edmund Kirby Smith routs Union army under Brig. Gen. William "Bull" Nelson.

Battle of Chantilly	September 1, 1862	Virginia B Inconclusive: Union forces nearly being cut off, Isaac Stevens and Philip Kearny are killed.

Battle of Harpers Ferry	September 12–15, 1862	West Virginia (Virginia at the time) B Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson captures Union garrison under Dixon S. Miles

Battle of South Mountain	September 14, 1862	Maryland B Union victory: McClellan defeats Lee.

Battle of Munfordville	September 14–17, 1862	Kentucky B Confederate victory: Union force surrenders. Second Battle of Corinth

(Battle of Corinth)	October 3–4, 1862	Mississippi B Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Prairie Grove	December 7, 1862	Arkansas B Union victory: Union secures NW Arkansas.

Battle of Chickasaw Bayou	December 26–29, 1862	Mississippi B Confederate victory: (Vicksburg Campaign) Pemberton defeats Sherman; Union attack on Confederate right flank thwarted.

Battle of Galveston (Second Battle of Galveston)	January 1, 1863	Texas B Confederate victory: John B. Magruder expels occupying Union troops from Galveston, Texas.

Battle of Port Gibson	May 1, 1863	Mississippi B Union victory: in Vicksburg campaign, Grant defeats Confederates

Second Battle of Fredericksburg	May 3, 1863	Virginia B Union victory: Union forces under John Sedgwick defeat Confederate forces left to guard the town by Lee.

Battle of Salem Church	May 3–4, 1863	Virginia B Confederate victory: Lee defeats Sedgwick.

Battle of Raymond	May 12, 1863	Mississippi B Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to protect Vicksburg from approaching Federals.

Battle of Jackson, Mississippi	May 14, 1863	Mississippi B Union victory: Sherman, McPherson defeat Johnston

Battle of Big Black River Bridge	May 17, 1863	Mississippi B Union victory: Confederate forces trapped in Vicksburg.

Battle of Brandy Station	June 9, 1863	Virginia B Inconclusive: Pleasonton surprises J.E.B. Stuart's cavalrymen in their camps near Brandy Station.

Second Battle of Winchester	June 13–15, 1863	Virginia B Confederate victory: Confederate victory paves way for Lee's invasion.

Battle of Helena	July 4, 1863	Arkansas B Union victory: Confederate assault on river port fails securing eastern Arkansas for Union.

Battle of Honey Springs	July 17, 1863	Oklahoma (Indian Territory at the time) B Union victory: In Indian Territory, two largely Black and Native American forces meet. Union victory.

Second Battle of Fort Wagner (Battle of Fort Wagner, Morris Island)	July 18, 1863	South Carolina B Confederate victory: second of two Union attempts to take Ft. Wagner fails, heroism of the 54th Massachusetts.

Second Battle of Charleston Harbor	August 17 – September 8, 1863	South Carolina B Inconclusive:

Second Battle of Fort Sumter	August 17 – September 9, 1863	South Carolina B Confederate victory: Union's massive bombardment and naval attack fails to retake the fort.

Second Battle of Sabine Pass	September 8, 1863	Texas B Confederate victory: Confederate forces place stakes in river to help aim their guns at Union ships.

Battle of Bayou Fourche	September 10, 1863	Arkansas B Union victory: Union victory allows for capture of Little Rock.

Battle of Bristoe Station	October 14, 1863	Virginia B Union victory: Meade defeats elements of Lee's forces, but Confederates destroy railroad during retreat.

Battle of Wauhatchie	October 28–29, 1863	Tennessee B Union victory: Longstreet defeated by Union forces.

Second Battle of Rappahannock Station	November 7, 1863	Virginia B Union victory: Union forces surge across river, forcing Lee to retreat.

Battle of Ringgold Gap	November 27, 1863	Georgia B Confederate victory: Confederates under Patrick Cleburne defeat Union forces under Joseph Hooker.

Battle of Mine Run	November 27 – December 2, 1863	Virginia B Inconclusive: Meade bombards Lee's Confederates but then withdraws.

Battle of Fort Sanders	November 29, 1863	Tennessee B Union victory: Longstreet unable to take fort due to poor quality gunpowder.

Battle of Olustee	February 20, 1864	Florida B Confederate victory: Union can't take Florida

Battle of Okolona	February 22, 1864	Mississippi B Confederate victory: Confederate cavalry, commanded by Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest, routed 7,000 cavalry under the command of Brig. Gen. William Sooy Smith.

Battle of Fort De Russy	March 12, 1864	Louisiana B Union victory: Fort DeRussy fell and the Red River to Alexandria was open.

Battle of Pleasant Hill	April 9, 1864	Louisiana B Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Prairie D'Ane	April 9–13, 1864	Arkansas B Union victory: Frederick Steele defeats Sterling Price.

Battle of Fort Pillow	April 12, 1864	Tennessee B Confederate victory: N.B. Forrest takes fort, massacres black soldiers.

Battle of Proctor's Creek	May 12–16, 1864	Virginia B Confederate victory: Beauregard defeats Butler.

Battle of New Market	May 15, 1864	Virginia B Confederate victory: Confederate forces halt Union army under Franz Sigel from advance up Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of North Anna	May 23–26, 1864	Virginia B Inconclusive: Lee outmaneuvers Grant, but because of illness, he is unable to capitalize.

Battle of Totopotomoy Creek	May 28–30, 1864	Virginia B Inconclusive: Union forces pushed back.

Battle of Piedmont	June 5, 1864	Virginia B Union victory: Union forces under David Hunter defeat Confederate defenses on march to Staunton, Virginia, upper Shenandoah Valley.

Battle of Marietta	June 6 – July 3, 1864	Georgia B Union victory: Sherman defeats Johnston.

Battle of Brice's Crossroads	June 10, 1864	Mississippi B Confederate victory: N.B. Forrest routs Union force almost three times as large.

Battle of Trevilian Station	June 11–12, 1864	Virginia B Confederate victory: Confederate victory, George Armstrong Custer nearly surrounded and has to be rescued by Sheridan.

Battle of Lynchburg	June 17–18, 1864	Virginia B Confederate victory: Fake Confederate reinforcements lead to Union retreat.

Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road	June 21–24, 1864	Virginia B Inconclusive: Union siege lines extended for Siege of Petersburg.

Battle of Kennesaw Mountain	June 27, 1864	Georgia B Confederate victory: Johnston repulses Sherman.

Battle of Monocacy (Battle of Monocacy Junction)	July 9, 1864	Maryland B Confederate victory: Union Gen. Lew Wallace slows up Jubal Early, saving DC.

Battle of Fort Stevens	July 11–12, 1864	District of Columbia B Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to capture Washington, D.C., President Lincoln, observing the battle, comes under Confederate fire.

Battle of Tupelo	July 14–15, 1864	Mississippi B Union victory: Nathan Bedford Forrest

Battle of Peachtree Creek	July 20, 1864	Georgia B Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) First Confederate attack against Union forces north of Atlanta fails.

Battle of Atlanta	July 22, 1864	Georgia B Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) Sherman turns back Hood's attack east of Atlanta.

Second Battle of Kernstown	July 24, 1864	Virginia B Confederate victory: Jubal Early defeats Union forces.

Battle of Ezra Church	July 28, 1864	Georgia B Union victory: (Atlanta Campaign) Confederate attack on Union army northwest of Atlanta fails to gain element of surprise, finding entrenched Union forces. Union victory.

Second Battle of Deep Bottom	August 14–20, 1864	Virginia B Confederate victory: The Confederates drove back the Union threat, but at a cost of diluting their forces as the Union had hoped.

Battle of Globe Tavern	August 18–21, 1864	Virginia B Union victory: Confederate forces lose control of railroads at Petersburg.

Second Battle of Ream's Station	August 25, 1864	Virginia B Confederate victory: Union lines overrun by Confederates.

Battle of Fisher's Hill	September 21–22, 1864	Virginia B Union victory: Successful Union frontal assault.

Battle of Fort Davidson	September 27, 1864	Missouri B Union victory: Union forces detonate their own fort after losing to Confederates.

Battle of Chaffin's Farm (New Market Heights)	September 29–30, 1864	Virginia B Union victory: Union forces victorious, but fail to capture several forts.

Battle of Peebles' Farm	September 30 – October 2, 1864	Virginia B Union victory: Union victory near Petersburg.

Battle of Allatoona	October 5, 1864	Georgia B Union victory: Union fortifications hold.

Battle of Byram's Ford	October 22–23, 1864	Missouri B Union victory: Confederates under Marmaduke defeated.

Battle of Boydton Plank Road	October 27–28, 1864	Virginia B Inconclusive: Union forces take control of road, but withdraw after battle.

Second Battle of Newtonia	October 28, 1864	Missouri B Union victory: James G. Blunt defeats Joseph O. Shelby.

Battle of Johnsonville	November 4–5, 1864	Tennessee B Confederate victory: Confederates bombard Union forces during the night after a fire starts near union positions.

Battle of Griswoldville	November 22, 1864	Georgia B Union victory: Sherman's march to the sea continued.

Battle of Spring Hill	November 29, 1864	Tennessee B Union victory: Confederate mistakes allow Federal forces to redeploy, leading to the Battle of Franklin.

Sand Creek massacre	November 29, 1864	Colorado (Colorado Territory at the time) B
 * Colorado War: U.S. forces massacre Cheyenne and Arapaho.

Second Battle of Fort McAllister	December 13, 1864	Georgia B Union victory:

Battle of Hatcher's Run	February 5–7, 1865	Virginia B Union victory: Union force launch unexpected attack.

Battle of Waynesboro, Virginia	March 2, 1865	Virginia B Union victory: Remnants of Confederate Army of the Valley are destroyed.

Battle of Spanish Fort	March 27 – April 8, 1865	Alabama B Union victory: Union forces capture fort just east of Mobile.

Battle of White Oak Road	March 31, 1865	Virginia B Union victory: Confederate forces under Richard H. Anderson defeated.

Battle of Selma	April 2, 1865	Alabama B Union victory: Wilson defeats Forrest.

Battle of Sayler's Creek (or Sailor's Creek)	April 6, 1865	Virginia B Union victory: Lee realizes his army is on the verge of defeat.

Battle of Appomattox Station	April 8, 1865	Virginia B Union victory: Union forces thwart Lee's final attempt to resupply.

Battle of Big Bethel	June 10, 1861	Virginia C Confederate victory: Union attack on Confederate positions near a church repelled.

Battle of Boonville (Missouri)	June 17, 1861	Missouri C Union victory: Union forces defeat pro-Confederate governor's Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Carthage	July 5, 1861	Missouri C Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Missouri during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Blackburn's Ford	July 18, 1861	Virginia C Confederate victory: Irvin McDowell's recon-in-force defeated at Manassas.

Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries	August 28–29, 1861	North Carolina C Union victory: Union forces capture two North Carolina forts.

First Battle of Lexington	September 13–20, 1861	Missouri C Confederate victory: Union forces badly defeated by Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Santa Rosa Island	October 9, 1861	Florida C Union victory: Union forces repel Confederate attempt to capture island.

Battle of Camp Wildcat	October 21, 1861	Kentucky C Union victory: Confederates chased from Cumberland Gap

Battle of Belmont	November 7, 1861	Missouri C Inconclusive: Grant captures and destroys Confederate supplies near Cairo, Illinois.

Battle of Camp Allegheny	December 13, 1861	West Virginia (Virginia at the time)[A] C Inconclusive: Confederates withstand Union attack.

Battle of Dranesville	December 20, 1861	Virginia C Union victory: Union defeats Confederate forces under J.E.B. Stuart.

Battle of Cockpit Point	January 3, 1862	Virginia C Inconclusive: Inconclusive Civil War battle in Virginia.

Battle of Middle Creek	January 10, 1862	Kentucky C Union victory: Union forces under James A. Garfield defeat Confederates under Humphrey Marshall.

Battle of Fort Macon	March 23 – April 26, 1862	North Carolina C Union victory: Confederate fort surrenders after Union artillery bombardment.

Battle of McDowell	May 8, 1862	Virginia C Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson's Confederates defeat Union forces.

Battle of Princeton Court House	May 15–17, 1862	West Virginia (Virginia at the time)[A] C Confederate victory:

Battle of Front Royal	May 23, 1862	Virginia C Confederate victory: Stonewall Jackson threatens the Union rear, forces their retreat.

Battle of Hanover Court House	May 27, 1862	Virginia C Union victory: Union victory during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Saint Charles	June 17, 1862	Arkansas C Union victory: The USS Mound City is hit by Confederate shore gun and explodes.

Battle of Savage's Station	June 29, 1862	Virginia C Inconclusive: (Seven Days) Union forces withdraw.

Battle of White Oak Swamp	June 30, 1862	Virginia C Inconclusive: Indecisive artillery duel.

First Battle of Murfreesboro	July 13, 1862	Tennessee C Confederate victory.

Battle of Fort Ridgely	August 21–22, 1862	Minnesota C
 * Dakota War of 1862: Failed Santee Sioux attack on Union controlled fort.

Battle of Thoroughfare Gap	August 28, 1862	Virginia C Confederate victory: Longstreet defeats small Union force to arrive at Manassas battlefield.

Battle of Iuka	September 19, 1862	Mississippi C Union victory: Rosecrans is victorious over Price near Mississippi town.

Battle of Shepherdstown	September 19–20, 1862	West Virginia (Virginia at the time)[A] C Confederate victory: Confederate brigades counterattack and defeat pursuing Union brigades.

Battle of Wood Lake	September 23, 1862	Minnesota C
 * Dakota War of 1862: Overwhelming defeat of Santee Sioux forces during the Dakota War of 1862.

First Battle of Sabine Pass	September 24, 1862	Texas C Union victory:

First Battle of Newtonia	September 30, 1862	Missouri C Confederate victory: Union forces panic under bombardment from Confederate artillery.

Battle of Hatchie's Bridge	October 5, 1862	Tennessee C Inconclusive: Confederate force under Earl Van Dorn escapes across river.

Battle of Georgia Landing	October 27, 1862	Louisiana C Union victory:

Battle of Cane Hill	November 28, 1862	Arkansas C Confederate victory: Small Confederate force delays Union while larger force escapes.

Battle of Hartsville	December 7, 1862	Tennessee C Confederate victory: Disguised in Union uniforms, Confederates infiltrate and defeat Union forces.

Battle of Goldsboro Bridge	December 17, 1862	North Carolina C Union victory: Foster defeats Confederates and destroys the bridge.

Battle of Parker's Cross Roads	December 31, 1862	Tennessee C Confederate victory: Confederates repel Union double-pronged assault.

Battle of Fort Hindman (Battle of Arkansas Post)	January 9, 1863	Arkansas C Union victory: Part of Vicksburg Campaign, fight for control of mouth of Arkansas River.

Bear River Massacre	January 29, 1863	Idaho (Washington Territory at the time) C
 * Indian Wars: Shoshone forces massacred by Union troops.

Battle of Fort McAllister (1863)	March 5, 1863	Georgia C Confederate victory:

Battle of Thompson's Station	March 5, 1863	Tennessee C Confederate victory:

Battle of Kelly's Ford	March 17, 1863	Virginia C Confederate victory: Indecisive cavalry battle during Civil War.

First Battle of Charleston Harbor	April 7, 1863	South Carolina C Confederate victory:

Battle of Suffolk (Hill's Point) (Battle of Fort Huger)	April 11 – May 4, 1863	Virginia C Inconclusive

Battle of Suffolk (Norfleet House); Siege of Suffolk	April 11 – May 4, 1863	Virginia C Inconclusive: Twin battles fought over Suffolk.

Battle of Irish Bend	April 14, 1863	Louisiana C Union victory:

Battle of Grand Gulf	April 29, 1863	Mississippi C Confederate victory: Unsuccessful naval attack by Grant's forces.

Battle of Day's Gap	April 30, 1863	Alabama C Union victory: Union victory during a raid in Alabama.

Battle of Plains Store	May 21, 1863	Louisiana C Union victory: Union victory near Baton Rouge.

Battle of Milliken's Bend	June 7, 1863	Louisiana C Union victory: In the largest battle fought between Confederate and Black troops, after nearly two days of close combat, the Confederates were defeated in their attempt to raise the siege of Vicksburg..

Battle of Aldie	June 17, 1863	Virginia C Inconclusive: Indecisive battle during Robert E. Lee's march north.

Battle of Middleburg	June 17–19, 1863	Virginia C Inconclusive: J.E.B. Stuart retreats from engagement with Union cavalry.

Battle of Upperville	June 21, 1863	Virginia C Inconclusive: Indecisive cavalry battle during Lee's invasion.

Battle of Hoover's Gap	June 24–26, 1863	Tennessee C Union victory: Union victory prevents Confederates in Tennessee from coming to the aid of Vicksburg.

Battle of Hanover	June 30, 1863	Pennsylvania C Inconclusive: J.E.B. Stuart forced to change his route, delaying his efforts to unite with Lee's force outside Gettysburg.

Battle of Cabin Creek	July 1–2, 1863	Oklahoma (Indian Territory at the time) C Union victory:

Battle of Williamsport	July 6–16, 1863	Maryland C Inconclusive: Meade and Lee fight indecisive battle.

Battle of Corydon	July 9, 1863	Indiana C Confederate victory: Confederate raid results in civilian casualties, including a Lutheran minister.

Battle of Kock's Plantation	July 12–13, 1863	Louisiana C Confederate victory:

Battle of Buffington Island	July 19, 1863	Ohio C Union Victory:

Battle of Big Mound	July 24–25, 1863	North Dakota (Dakota Territory at the time) C
 * Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat Santee and Teton Sioux forces.

Lawrence Massacre (Quantrill's Raid)	August 23, 1863	Kansas C Confederate victory: Quantrill's Raiders pillage the city.

Battle of Devil's Backbone	September 1, 1863	Arkansas C Union victory: Union victory after heavy fighting.

Battle of Davis's Cross Roads	September 10–11, 1863	Georgia C Union victory: Union forces establish defensive positions prior to Chickamauga.

Battle of Fort Blair (Battle of Baxter Springs)	October 6, 1863	Kansas C Confederate victory: Quantrill's Raiders massacre Union Black Troops during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Droop Mountain	November 6, 1863	West Virginia C Union victory:

Battle of Dandridge	January 17, 1864	Tennessee C Confederate victory: Union forces withdraw.

Battle of Fair Garden	January 27, 1864	Tennessee C Inconclusive: Union victory followed by withdrawal.

Battle of Meridian	February 14–20, 1864	Mississippi C Union victory: Sherman occupies town

First Battle of Dalton	February 22–27, 1864	Georgia C Confederate victory: After several days of intense skirmishing, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas's army withdrew upon realizing Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's troops could repel any assault. However, the intelligence garnered from the Battle of Dalton helped pave the way for a Union victory that summer.

Battle of Walkerton	March 2, 1864	Virginia C Confederate victory: controversy surrounding the Dahlgren Affair.

Battle of Paducah	March 25, 1864	Kentucky C Confederate victory: Confederate raid by Forrest successful.

Battle of Elkin's Ferry	April 3–4, 1864	Arkansas C Union victory: Confederates unable to prevent Union river crossing.

Battle of Blair's Landing	April 12–13, 1864	Louisiana C Union victory:

Battle of Plymouth	April 17, 1864	North Carolina C Confederate victory: Confederate land forces, supported by naval ram, retake two Union forts near Plymouth, North Carolina.

Battle of Poison Spring	April 18, 1864	Arkansas C Confederate victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas, black troops massacred.

Battle of Monett's Ferry	April 23, 1864	Louisiana C Union victory: Confederate forces driven back.

Battle of Jenkins' Ferry	April 30, 1864	Arkansas C Union victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas.

Battle of Albemarle Sound	May 5, 1864	North Carolina C Inconclusive: Indecisive naval battle during U.S. Civil War.

Battle of Port Walthall Junction	May 6–7, 1864	Virginia C Union victory: Union forces destroy railroad

Battle of Rocky Face Ridge	May 7–13, 1864	Georgia C Union victory: Due to a flanking movement by Union troops under Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, Confederates led by Gen. Joseph E. Johnston were forced to evacuate their strong position near Atlanta.

Battle of Swift Creek	May 9, 1864	Virginia C Inconclusive: Union forces damage railroad, but are stopped by Confederate forces.

Battle of Cloyd's Mountain	May 9, 1864	Virginia C Union victory: Union victory, Confederate General Albert G. Jenkins killed.

Battle of Yellow Tavern	May 11, 1864	Virginia C Union victory: Union forces win cavalry battle, J.E.B. Stuart is mortally wounded.

Battle of Resaca	May 13, 1864	Georgia C Inconclusive: Sherman defeats Johnston

Battle of Mansura	May 16, 1864	Louisiana C Union victory:

Battle of Adairsville	May 17, 1864	Georgia C Union victory: Failed Confederate attempt to destroy part of the Union force approaching Atlanta.

Battle of Yellow Bayou	May 18, 1864	Louisiana C Union victory:

Battle of Ware Bottom Church	May 20, 1864	Virginia C Confederate victory: Beauregard boxes Butler in.

Battle of New Hope Church	May 25–26, 1864	Georgia C Confederate victory: Hooker's forces defeated.

Battle of Dallas (Georgia)	May 26 – June 4, 1864	Georgia C Union victory: Confederate withdrawal in Georgia.

Battle of Pickett's Mill	May 27, 1864	Georgia C Confederate victory: Unsuccessful attack by Sherman on Johnston.

Battle of Haw's Shop	May 28, 1864	Virginia C Union victory: Union advance halted.

Battle of Old Church	May 30, 1864	Virginia C Union victory: Union forces drive Confederates back to Cold Harbor.

Battle of Cynthiana	June 11–12, 1864	Kentucky C Union victory: Union Brig. Gen. Stephen Gano Burbridge defeated Confederate Brig. Gen. John Hunt Morgan. Most Confederate soldiers were casualties, though Morgan escaped.]

Battle of Kolb's Farm	June 22, 1864	Georgia C Union victory: Confederate attack fails due to poor terrain conditions.

Battle of Staunton River Bridge	June 25, 1864	Virginia C Confederate victory:

First Battle of Ream's Station	June 29, 1864	Virginia C Confederate victory: Maj. Gen. William Mahone and Brig. Gen. Fitzhugh Lee defeated Union cavalry raiding Confederate railroads south of Petersburg, Virginia.

Battle of Cool Spring	July 18–19, 1864	Virginia C Confederate victory:

Battle of Killdeer Mountain July 26, 1864	North Dakota (Dakota Territory at the time) C
 * Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat Sioux.

First Battle of Deep Bottom	July 27–29, 1864	Virginia C Confederate victory:

Battle of Utoy Creek	August 5–7, 1864	Georgia C Inconclusive: (Atlanta Campaign) Indecisive battle on Union right flank near Atlanta.

Battle of Moorefield	August 7, 1864	West Virginia C Union victory:

Battle of Guard Hill	August 16, 1864	Virginia C Inconclusive:

Second Battle of Memphis	August 21, 1864	Tennessee C Union victory: Partially successful Confederate raid.

Battle of Berryville	September 3–4, 1864	Virginia C Inconclusive: At the same time Confederate Lt. Gen. Jubal A. Early sent Maj. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw's division to attack Colonel Joseph Thoburn's division of the VIII Corps, and Kershaw initially routed Thoburn's left flank. Darkness ended the fighting. The next morning, Early, seeing the strength of the Union's entrenched line, retreated behind Opequon Creek.

First Battle of Saltville	October 1–3, 1864	Virginia C Confederate victory: Confederates defeat Union Black Cavalry, war crimes committed against captured blacks.

Battle of Darbytown and New Market	October 7, 1864	Virginia C Union victory:

Battle of Tom's Brook	October 9, 1864	Virginia C Union victory: Union cavalry defeats Confederates.

Battle of Glasgow	October 15, 1864	Missouri C Confederate victory: Union forces surrender. Second Battle of Independence	October 22, 1864	Missouri C Confederate victory: Union forces occupy town.

Battle of Marais des Cygnes	October 25, 1864	Kansas C Union victory: Price's Confederates pursued into Kansas.

Battle of Mine Creek	October 25, 1864	Kansas C Union victory: Price's army crushed, flees back into Missouri.

Battle of Decatur	October 26–29, 1864	Alabama C Union victory: Confederates unable to cross river.

Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road	October 27–28, 1864	Virginia C Confederate victory:

Battle of Columbia	November 24, 1864	Tennessee C Confederate victory: Confederates divert attention.

Battle of Buck Head Creek	November 28, 1864	Georgia C Union victory:

Battle of Honey Hill	November 30, 1864	South Carolina C Confederate victory: The third battle of Sherman's March to the Sea was a failed Union Army expedition under Maj. Gen. John P. Hatch that attempted to cut off the Charleston and Savannah Railroad in support of Sherman's projected arrival in Savannah.

Battle of Waynesboro, Georgia	December 4, 1864	Georgia C Union victory: Kilpatrick stops Wheeler from attacking Sherman.

First Battle of Fort Fisher	December 7–27, 1864	North Carolina C Confederate victory: Failed Union attempt to take fort.

Second Battle of Saltville	December 20–21, 1864	Virginia C Union victory: Confederate forces retreated, and General George Stoneman's troops entered the town and destroyed the saltworks.

Battle of Natural Bridge	March 6, 1865	Florida C Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Florida prevents the capture of Tallahassee.

Battle of Averasborough	March 16, 1865	North Carolina C Inconclusive: Union and Confederate forces attack one another in turn, both attacks fail.

Battle of Lewis's Farm	March 29, 1865	Virginia C Union victory: Union forces capture Confederate earthworks.

Battle of Dinwiddie Court House	March 31, 1865	Virginia C Confederate victory: Pickett defeats Sheridan.

Battle of Sutherland's Station	April 2, 1865	Virginia C Union victory: Lee's supply lines are cut.

Battle of Amelia Springs	April 5, 1865	Virginia C Inconclusive:

Battle of High Bridge	April 6–7, 1865	Virginia C Inconclusive: Union forces thwart Lee's attempts to burn bridges and to resupply, Grant proposes that Lee surrender, but he refuses.

Battle of Cumberland Church	April 7, 1865	Virginia C Confederate victory: Union forces attack Confederate rearguard, but darkness cuts the attack short.

Battle of Sewell's Point	May 18–19, 1861	Virginia D Inconclusive: Union gunboats fight inconclusive battle with Confederate artillery.

Battle of Aquia Creek	May 29 – June 1, 1861	Virginia D Inconclusive: Confederate artillery hit by naval bombardment, later withdrawn.

Battle of Philippi (West Virginia)	June 3, 1861	West Virginia (Virginia at the time) D Union victory: Union forces rout a small Confederate detachment in Western Virginia.

Battle of Hoke's Run	July 2, 1861	West Virginia (Virginia at the time) D Union victory: Robert Patterson defeats Jackson's Confederates but fails to capitalize on his victory.

Battle of Kessler's Cross Lanes	August 26, 1861	West Virginia (Virginia at the time) D Confederate victory: Confederates under John B. Floyd surprise and defeat Union forces under Erastus B. Tyler.

Battle of Dry Wood Creek	September 2, 1861	Missouri D Confederate victory: Union cavalry from Kansas defeated by Missouri State Guard.

Battle of Liberty	September 17, 1861	Missouri D Confederate victory: Minor Missouri State Guard victory.

Battle of Barbourville	September 19, 1861	Kentucky D Confederate victory:Zollicoffer raided a Federal recruitment camp and brought a counter-thrust.

Battle of Greenbrier River	October 3, 1861	West Virginia (Virginia at the time)[A] D Inconclusive: Confederates withdraw after inconclusive battle.

Battle of Fredericktown	October 21, 1861	Missouri D Union victory: Missouri State Guard defeated.

First Battle of Springfield	October 25, 1861	Missouri D Union victory: Union forces capture town.

Battle of Ivy Mountain	November 8, 1861	Kentucky D Union victory:

Battle of Round Mountain	November 19, 1861	Oklahoma (Indian Territory at the time) D Confederate victory: Opothleyahola's Unionist Creeks and Seminoles defeated near present-day Stillwater.

Battle of Chusto-Talasah	December 9, 1861	Oklahoma (Indian Territory at the time) D Confederate victory: Opothleyahola defeated near present-day Tulsa.

Battle of Rowlett's Station	December 17, 1861	Kentucky D Inconclusive:

Battle of Mount Zion Church	December 28, 1861	Missouri D Union victory: Union victory in Northeastern Missouri.

Battle of Hancock	January 5–6, 1862	Maryland D Inconclusive: Unsuccessful Confederate attack on Maryland town.

Battle of Roan's Tan Yard	January 8, 1862	Missouri D Union victory: Confederates routed.

Battle of South Mills	April 19, 1862	North Carolina D Inconclusive: Confederates thwart attempt to destroy a canal.

Battle of Eltham's Landing	May 7, 1862	Virginia D Inconclusive: Inconclusive Civil War battle in Virginia.

Battle of Tranter's Creek	June 5, 1862	North Carolina D Union victory: Confederate forces retreat after Colonel Singletary is killed.

First Battle of Chattanooga	June 7–8, 1862	Tennessee D Union victory: Union forces bombard the town.

Battle of Simmon's Bluff	June 21, 1862	South Carolina D Union victory:

Battle of Oak Grove	June 25, 1862	Virginia D Inconclusive: (Seven Days) Indecisive battle between McClellan and Lee.

Battle of Garnett's & Golding's Farm	June 27–28, 1862	Virginia D Inconclusive: (Seven Days) Indecisive battle between Lee and McClellan.

Battle of Tampa	June 30 – July 1, 1862	Florida D Confederate victory: Union gunboat attacks, but later withdraws.

Battle of Cotton Plant (Battle of Hill's Plantation)	July 7, 1862	Arkansas D Union victory: Union victory in Arkansas.

Battle of Kirksville	August 6–9, 1862	Missouri D Union victory: Union forces capture town.

First Battle of Donaldsonville	August 9, 1862	Louisiana D Union victory:

First Battle of Independence	August 11, 1862	Missouri D Confederate victory: Confederate victory near Kansas City.

Battle of Lone Jack	August 15–16, 1862	Missouri D Confederate victory: Confederate victory, Union commander killed. Rebels forced to withdraw after battle.

First Battle of Rappahannock Station	August 22–25, 1862	Virginia D Inconclusive: Union supplies destroyed during skirmish.

Battle of Saint John's Bluff	October 1–3, 1862	Florida D Union victory:

Battle of Galveston Harbor (1862) (First Battle of Galveston)	October 4, 1862	Texas D Union victory:

Battle of Old Fort Wayne	October 22, 1862	Oklahoma (Indian Territory at the time) D Union victory:

Battle of Clark's Mill	November 7, 1862	Missouri D Confederate victory: Union force surrenders to larger Confederate force.

Battle of Kinston	December 14, 1862	North Carolina D Union victory: Union forces under John G. Foster defeat Confederates under Nathan Evans.

Battle of White Hall	December 16, 1862	North Carolina D Inconclusive: Foster fights indecisive battle with Beverly Robertson.

Battle of Jackson, Tennessee	December 19, 1862	Tennessee D Union victory: Confederate feint to distract Union forces.

Second Battle of Springfield	January 8, 1863	Missouri D Union victory: Confederates enter town, but are unable to take nearby fort.

Battle of Hartville	January 9–11, 1863	Missouri D Confederate victory: Confederates are victorious, but unable to continue raid.

Battle of Dover	February 3, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Failed Confederate attack on town.

Battle of Fort Anderson	March 13–15, 1863	North Carolina D Union victory: Daniel H. Hill leads unsuccessful Confederate attack on New Bern.

Battle of Vaught's Hill	March 20, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Union forces withstand attack by John Hunt Morgan's Confederates.

Battle of Brentwood	March 25, 1863	Tennessee D Confederate victory: Union force surrenders.

Battle of Washington, NC	March 30 – April 20, 1863	North Carolina D Inconclusive: Hill unable to take North Carolina town from Union forces.

Battle of Franklin (1863)	April 10, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Confederates withdraw after rearguard defeat.

Battle of Fort Bisland	April 12–13, 1863	Louisiana D Union victory:

Battle of Vermillion Bayou	April 17, 1863	Louisiana D Union victory:

Battle of Cape Girardeau	April 26, 1863	Missouri D Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Snyder's Bluff	April 29 – May 1, 1863	Mississippi D Confederate victory: Union feint during Vicksburg Campaign.

Battle of Chalk Bluff	May 1–2, 1863	Arkansas D Confederate victory: Confederates win but can't continue raid.

Battle of LaFourche Crossing	June 20–21, 1863	Louisiana D Union victory:

Second Battle of Donaldsonville	June 28, 1863	Louisiana D Union victory:

Battle of Goodrich's Landing	June 29–30, 1863	Louisiana D Inconclusive: Confederates drive Union Black Regiments off of several plantations.

Battle of Boonsboro	July 8, 1863	Maryland D Inconclusive: Indecisive action at rearguard of Lee's retreat.

Battle of Fort Wagner	July 11, 1863	South Carolina D Confederate victory: first of two Union attempts to take Ft. Wagner.

Battle of Grimball's Landing	July 16, 1863	South Carolina D Inconclusive:

Battle of Manassas Gap	July 23, 1863	Virginia D Inconclusive: Indecisive battle by day, Confederates withdraw by night.

Battle of Dead Buffalo Lake	July 26, 1863	North Dakota (Dakota Territory at the time) D
 * Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Sibley defeats Sioux forces.

Battle of Salineville	July 26, 1863	Ohio D Union victory: Confederate Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan surrenders in Ohio: the northernmost U.S. Civil War Battle.

Battle of Stony Lake	July 28, 1863	North Dakota (Dakota Territory at the time) D
 * Dakota War of 1862: Sioux forces escape Union forces in pursuit.

Second Battle of Chattanooga	August 21 – September 8, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Union captures town.

Battle of Whitestone Hill	September 3–5, 1863	North Dakota (Dakota Territory at the time) D
 * Sioux Wars/Dakota War of 1862: Union forces defeat several Native American tribes including Sioux and Blackfeet.

Battle of Blountville (Battle of Blountsville)	September 22, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Union forces capture town.

Battle of Stirling's Plantation	September 29, 1863	Louisiana D Confederate victory:

Battle of Blue Springs	October 10, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Confederate forces overrun.

First Battle of Auburn	October 13, 1863	Virginia D Union victory: J.E.B. Stuart escapes by hiding in a ravine.

Second Battle of Auburn	October 14, 1863	Virginia D Inconclusive: Confederates attack Union rearguard, indecisive.

Battle of Fort Brooke	October 16–18, 1863	Florida D Union victory:

Battle of Buckland Mills	October 19, 1863	Virginia D Confederate victory: Union cavalry caught in ambush, defeated.

Battle of Pine Bluff	October 25, 1863	Arkansas D Union victory: Confederate attack fails.

Battle of Collierville	November 3, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Abortive Confederate attack on the town.

Battle of Campbell's Station	November 16, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Confederate double-envelopment attempt fails.

Battle of Bean's Station	December 14, 1863	Tennessee D Confederate victory: Union forces withdraw a short distance.

Battle of Mossy Creek	December 29, 1863	Tennessee D Union victory: Confederate cavalry forced back.

Battle of Athens	January 26, 1864	Alabama D Union victory: Union victory in Northern Alabama.

Battle of Morton's Ford	February 6–7, 1864	Virginia D Inconclusive: Diversionary Union attack.

Battle of Middle Boggy Depot	February 13, 1864	Oklahoma (Indian Territory at the time) D Union victory:

Battle of Marks' Mills	April 25, 1864	Arkansas D Confederate victory: Part of Red River Campaign in Arkansas.

Battle of Chester Station	May 10, 1864	Virginia D Inconclusive: Union forces under Benjamin Butler pushed back.

Battle of Cove Mountain	May 10, 1864	Virginia D Union victory: Union victory after brief battle.

Battle of Wilson's Wharf	May 24, 1864	Virginia D Union victory: Confederates under Fitzhugh Lee defeated by two Union black regiments.

Battle of Old River Lake	June 6, 1864	Arkansas D Union victory:

First Battle of Petersburg	June 9, 1864	Virginia D Confederate victory: Beauregard defeats Butler.

Battle of Saint Mary's Church	June 24, 1864	Virginia D Inconclusive: Union forces fight a successful delaying action.

Battle of Sappony Church	June 28, 1864	Virginia D Confederate victory:

Battle of Rutherford's Farm	July 20, 1864	Virginia D Union victory: Confederates under Jubal Early caught by surprise and defeated.

Battle of Folck's Mill	August 1, 1864	Maryland D Inconclusive: Indecisive Civil War battle.

Second Battle of Dalton	August 14–15, 1864	Georgia D Union victory: Union forces withstand attack until relieved.

Battle of Lovejoy's Station	August 20, 1864	Georgia D Confederate victory: Confederates repel Union raiders attacking the station.

Battle of Summit Point	August 21, 1864	West Virginia D Inconclusive:

Battle of Smithfield Crossing	August 25–29, 1864	West Virginia D Inconclusive:

Battle of Darbytown Road	October 13, 1864	Virginia D Union victory: Confederate attack repelled near Richmond.

Second Battle of Lexington	October 19, 1864	Missouri D Confederate victory: Union forces driven out of town.

Battle of Little Blue River	October 21, 1864	Missouri D Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Missouri.

Battle of Marmiton River	October 25, 1864	Missouri D Union victory: Price escapes Union pursuit.

Battle of Bull's Gap	November 11–13, 1864	Tennessee D Confederate victory: Minor Confederate victory during U.S. Civil War.

Third Battle of Murfreesboro	December 5–7, 1864	Tennessee D Union victory: Confederate raid mostly unsuccessful.

Battle of Marion	December 17–18, 1864	Virginia D Union victory:

Battle of Rivers' Bridge	February 3, 1865	South Carolina D Union victory: Union forces capture river crossing.

Battle of Wilmington (North Carolina)	February 22, 1865	North Carolina D Union victory: Last Confederate port falls.

Battle of Wyse Fork	March 7–10, 1865	North Carolina D Union victory: Confederate attacks repelled by Union artillery.

Battle of Monroe's Cross Roads	March 10, 1865	North Carolina D Inconclusive:

Battle of Namozine Church	April 3, 1865	Virginia D Confederate victory: Several Confederates captured, Custer's brother earns Medal of Honor.

Battle of Rice's Station	April 6, 1865	Virginia D Union victory:

Battle of Palmito Ranch	May 12–13, 1865	Texas D Confederate victory: Confederate victory in Texas during final phases of the Civil War.

Weapons, Bullets, Rounds, and "Vehicles"
There were many different weapons, bullets, rounds, and "vehicles" used in the U.S. Civil War though not all are well known.Below is the name and use of the weapons and vehicles used throughout the civil war.

Edged weapons

Model 1832 Foot Artillery Sword	Issued to artillerymen. Based on the Roman gladius.

Model 1832 Dragoon Saber	Issued to the US Cavalry. An engraved version was privately purchased by senior officers.

Model 1840 Light Artillery Saber	Issued to mounted artillery.

Model 1840 Army Noncommissioned Officers' Sword	Issued to infantry sergeants. The Marines had their own version.

Model 1840 Cavalry Saber Model 1860 Light Cavalry Saber M1860 Cutlass	Issued to naval boarding parties. Sailors also had access to axes, harpoons and grappling hooks.

Model 1850 Army Staff & Field Officers' Sword	The regulation officer's sword, though in practice most officers used cavalry sabers. Southern officers sometimes carried ancestral blades from the War of 1812 or even the American Revolutionary War.

Mameluke sword	Carried by Marine officers.

Bowie knife	Often carried by Confederates instead of bayonets, including the Arkansas toothpick which could be used as a sword in combat, a hatchet to chop wood, a razor and a paddle in emergencies.

Pistols

Colt Army Model 1860	The most popular Colt handgun in the Union army was a .44 caliber six-shot revolver. Stocks were made that could be screwed onto the butt of the pistol allowing it to be held at the shoulder, increasing accuracy. Some had a second function such as a liquor flask or storage for cartridges.

Colt M1861 Navy	Similar in size and appearance to the Colt Army, the main difference of the Colt Navy was the change in caliber from .44 to .36 and the fact that it was primarily issued to the US Navy.

Colt 1851 Navy Revolver	The preferred weapon of the Confederacy. Copies were made all over the South in former cotton mills.

Colt Dragoon Revolver	Issued to the US Cavalry. A heavy large-caliber pistol invented during the Mexican War and designed for killing the mounts of charging enemy troopers.

Remington Model 1858	Colt's chief competitor, Remington Repeating Arms Company, also made revolvers during the Civil War. The most common was the Remington Model 1858. This pistol was highly favored by troops. The Remington had a quick cylinder release catch which made reloading much faster. It was used in large quantities during the war.

Smith & Wesson Model 1	Used as an alternative to the Colt and Remington. These usually fired brass rimfire cartridges.

Starr revolver	A double-action revolver which was briefly used in the western theater of the war, until the U.S. Ordnance Department persuaded Starr Arms Co. to create a single-action variant after the discontinuation of the Colt. The company eventually complied, and the Union acquired 25,000 of the single-action revolvers for $12 each.

Beaumont-Adams Revolver	A reliable double-action British handgun was privately purchased by many Northern and Southern officers.

Kerrs Patent Revolver	A five-shot back-action revolver made by the London Armoury Company was used by Confederate cavalry.

LeMat Revolver	Perhaps the most well-known foreign-designed revolver during the Civil War. It had two barrels, one on top of the other. The top barrel could fire up to nine .42 caliber balls while the bottom could fire a 16 gauge shotshell, making it a deadly weapon in theory. The creator, a French doctor living in New Orleans, Jean Alexandre LeMat, moved back to France to create more revolvers for the Confederacy. The French-made revolvers, however, proved unreliable and difficult to manufacture.

Lefaucheux M1858	A pinfire revolver imported from France by Union and Confederate officers.

Elgin Cutlass pistol	Issued to navy personnel but proved unpopular with the men and was quickly replaced with the M1860 Cutlass.

Volcanic Pistol	a lever action pistol made in 1853 chambered in 44. rimfire. privately owned by those who could afford them.

Rifles

Springfield Model 1861	The Springfield Model 1861 was the most widely-used shoulder arm during the Civil War. It was favored for its range, accuracy, and reliability.

Pattern 1853 Enfield	The Enfield 1853 rifled musket was used by both the North and the South in the American Civil War, and was the second most widely used infantry weapon in the war.

Lorenz Rifle	This Austrian gun was the third-most common musket and was imported by both sides. It fired the same .58 caliber Minie ball as the Enfield and Springfield.

M1841 Mississippi Rifle	A 2-band rifle with sword bayonet which was issued to Confederate NCOs.

Fayetteville rifle	A Confederate copy of the Springfield rifle. Richmond Rifle	Confederate copy of the Springfield Model 1861 Whitworth rifle	Sometimes fitted with brass scopes were used by Confederate sharpshooters.

Sharps rifle	The Sharps rifle was a falling block rifle used during and after the American Civil War. The carbine version was very popular with the cavalry of both the Union and Confederate armies and was issued in much larger numbers than the full-length rifle.

Colt revolving rifle	A few of these experimental guns were issued to Berdan's Sharpshooters but due to their unreliability were replaced with Sharps Rifles.

Burnside carbine	A breech-loader invented by Ambrose Burnside and issued to the US Cavalry.

Tarpley carbine	      The Tarpley Carbine was a Confederate weapon produced and used during the American Civil War, however, it was not produced in great numbers. The Tarpley Carbine was a breechloader, and was comparable in this sense to the Sharps Rifle and Carbine more widely used by the Union. Hank carbine	Patented by Gilbert Smith in 1857.

Henry rifle	The Civil War precursor to the Winchester Rifle based on early lever-action rifles made by Volcanic Repeating Arms Co. These highly-prized weapons were privately purchased by those who could afford them.

Spencer repeating rifle	The Spencer repeating rifle was a manually operated lever-action, repeating rifle fed from a tube magazine with cartridges. It was adopted by the Union army, especially by the cavalry, during the American Civil War, but did not really replace the standard issue muzzle-loading rifled muskets in use at the time. The Spencer carbine was a shorter and lighter version of the Spencer repeating rifle.

Repeating fire

The Gatling gun was a multi-barreled, .58 caliber rapid-fire repeating gun that was capable of firing 600 rounds per minute that was created by Dr. Richard Jordan Gatling. As the crank was turned, a barrel revolved into place before the breech, a cartridge was inserted and fitted, and the empty shell was extracted in a continuous cycle. As there were multiple barrels, a Gatling gun could be fired for long periods of time without overheating. It was not as popular as common rifles, and saw very little action in the Civil War.

Similar weapons included J.D. Mill's Coffee Mill Gun. Like the Gatling Gun, the cartridges of Mill's invention were fed by a hand crank, and this is why some people believe that President Lincoln called it "the coffee grinder gun". Other infantry support weapons included the .58 caliber Agar gun with a hopper on top and steel guard, and the Billinghurst Requa Battery which had eight banks of cartridge chambers that were rotated into alignment behind the row of 25 barrels.

Artillery



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M1857 Napoleon at Stones River battlefield cemetery. Field artillery in the American Civil War refers to the important artillery weapons, equipment, and practices used by the Artillery branch to support the infantry and cavalry forces in the field. It does not include siege artillery, use of artillery in fixed fortifications, or coastal or naval artillery. Nor does it include smaller, specialized artillery termed as small arms. Smoothbore artillery refers to weapons that are not rifled. At the time of the Civil War, metallurgy and other supporting technologies had just recently evolved to a point allowing the large scale production of rifled field artillery. As such, many smoothbore weapons were still in use and production even at the end of the war. Smoothbore field artillery of the day fit into two role-based categories: guns and howitzers. Further classifications of the weapons were made based on the type of metal used, typically bronze or iron (cast or wrought), although some examples of steel were produced. Additionally, the artillery was often identified by the year of design in the Ordnance department references. The smoothbore artillery was also categorized by the bore dimensions, based on the rough weight of the solid shot projectile fired from the weapon. For instance a 12-pounder field gun fired a 12 pound solid shot projectile from its 4.62-inch (117 mm) diameter bore. It was practice, dating back to the 18th century, to mix gun and howitzers into batteries. Pre-war allocations called for 6-pounder field guns matched with 12-pounder howitzers, 9 and 12-pounder field guns matched with 24-pounder howitzers. But the rapid expansions of both combatant armies, mass introduction of rifled artillery, and the versatility of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" class of weapons all contributed to a change in the mixed battery practices.

Guns

1841 Model Gun, Fires 6 lb. projectiles, Workhorse of Mexican War, but considered obsolete by Civil War, Weight: 1,784 pounds, Range: up to 1,523 yards Smoothbore guns were designed to fire solid shot projectiles at high velocity, over low trajectories at targets in the open, although shot and canister were acceptable for use. The barrels of the guns were longer than corresponding howitzers, and called for higher powder charges to achieve the desired performance. Field guns were produced in 6-pounder (3.67 inch bore), 9-pounder (4.2 inch bore), and 12-pounder (4.62 inch bore) versions. Although some older iron weapons were pressed into service, and the Confederacy produced some new iron field guns, most of those used on the battlefields were of bronze construction. The 6-pounder field gun was well represented by bronze Models of 1835, 1838, 1839, and 1841 early in the war. Even a few older iron Model of 1819 weapons were pressed into service. Several hundred were used by the armies of both sides in 1861. But in practice the limited payload of the projectile was seen as a shortcoming of this weapon. From mid-war on, few 6-pounders saw action in the main field armies. The larger 9- and 12-pounders were less well represented. While the 9-pounder was still listed on Ordnance and Artillery manuals in 1861, very few were ever produced after the War of 1812 and only scant references exist to Civil War use of the weapons. The 12-pounder field gun appeared in a series of models mirroring the 6-pounder, but in far less numbers. At least one Federal battery, the 13th Indiana, took the 12-pounder field gun into service early in the war. The major shortcoming of these heavy field guns was mobility, as they required eight-horse teams as opposed to the six-horse teams of the lighter guns. A small quantity of 12-pounder field guns were rifled early in the war, but these were more experimental weapons, and no field service is recorded. By far the most popular of the smoothbore cannon was the 12-pounder Model of 1857, Light, commonly called "Napoleon". The Model 1857 was of lighter weight than the previous 12-pounder guns, and could be pulled by a six-horse draft, yet offered the heavier projectile payload of the larger bore. It is sometimes called, confusingly, a "gun-howitzer" (because it possessed characteristics of both gun and howitzer) and is discussed in more detail separately below. Howitzers

Howitzers were short-barreled guns that were optimized for firing explosive shells in a high trajectory, but also for spherical case shot and canister, over a shorter range than the guns. While field use alluded to firing at targets consisting of enemy forces arrayed in the open, howitzers were considered the weapon of choice if the opposing forces were concealed behind terrain features or fortifications. Howitzers used lower powder charges than guns of corresponding caliber. Field Howitzer calibers used in the Civil War were 12-pounder (4.62 inch bore), 24-pounder (5.82 inch bore), and 32-pounder (6.41 inch bore). Most of the howitzers used in the war were bronze, with notable exceptions of some of Confederate manufacture. Coupled to the 6-pounder field gun in allocations of the pre-war Army, the 12-pounder field Howitzer was represented by Models of 1838 and 1841. With a light weight and respectable projectile payload, the 12-pounder was only cycled out of the main field army inventories as production and availability of the 12-pounder "Napoleon" rose, and would see action in the Confederate armies up to the very end. As with the corresponding heavy field guns, the heavier Howitzers were available in limited quantities early in the war. Both Federal and Confederate contracts list examples of 24-pounders delivered during the war, and surviving examples exist of imported Austrian types of this caliber used by the Confederates. These 24-pounder Howitzers found use in the "reserve" batteries of the respective armies, but were gradually replaced over time with heavy rifled guns. Both the 24- and 32-pounders were more widely used in fixed fortifications, but at least one of the later large weapons was with the 1st Connecticut Artillery as late as 1864. Finally, the lesser known but highly-mobile 12-pounder mountain Howitzer saw service with infantry and cavalry forces in the rugged western theaters and prairies, and continued in service during the Indian Wars. This versatile piece could utilize one of two carriages: a small carriage that could be drawn by a single animal or could be rapidly broken down to carry on the backs of pack animals, or a slightly larger prairie carriage to be drawn by two animals. A veteran of the Mexican-American War, several hundred more of these diminutive tubes were produced by Union foundries during the Civil War, and the Confederate Tredegar foundry turned out as many as 21 more. A Federal battery of four proved "highly effective" at the decisive battle of Glorieta, New Mexico, and Nathan Bedford Forrest frequently employed mountain howitzers for the rapid close-in combat that he favored. 12-pounder Napoleon

The twelve-pound cannon "Napoleon" was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the war. It was named after Napoleon III of France and was widely admired because of its safety, reliability, and killing power, especially at close range. In Union Ordnance manuals it was referred to as the "light 12-pounder gun" to distinguish it from the heavier and longer 12 pounder gun (which was virtually unused in field service). It did not reach America until 1857. It was the last cast bronze gun used by an American army. The Federal version of the Napoleon can be recognized by the flared front end of the barrel, called the muzzle-swell. It was, however, relatively heavy compared to other artillery pieces and difficult to move across rough terrain. Confederate Napoleons were produced in at least six variations, most of which had straight muzzles, but at least eight catalogued survivors of 133 identified have muzzle swells. Additionally, four iron Confederate Napoleons produced by Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond have been identified, of an estimated 125 cast. In early 1863 Robert E. Lee sent nearly all of the Army of Northern Virginia's bronze 6-pounder guns to Tredegar to be melted down and recast as Napoleons. Copper for casting bronze pieces became increasingly scarce to the Confederacy throughout the war and became acute in November 1863 when the Ducktown copper mines near Chattanooga were lost to Union forces. Casting of bronze Napoleons by the Confederacy ceased and in January 1864 Tredegar began producing iron Napoleons.

Rifled guns Rifling adds spiral grooves along the inside of the gun barrel for the purpose of spinning the shell or shot and enacting gyroscopic force that increases the accuracy of the gun by preventing the shell from rotating along axes other than the axis parallel to the gun barrel. Adding rifling to a gun tube made it more difficult and expensive to manufacture and increased the length of the tube, but it increased the range and accuracy of the piece. While most of the rifled guns in the Civil War were muzzle-loaded, a small number of breech-loaded guns were used. 3-inch rifle The 3-inch (76 mm) rifle was the most widely used rifled gun during the war. Invented by John Griffen, it was extremely durable, with the barrel made of wrought iron, primarily produced by the Phoenix Iron Company of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. There are few cases on record of the tube fracturing or bursting, a problem that plagued other rifles made of brittle cast iron. The rifle had exceptional accuracy. During the Battle of Atlanta, a Confederate gunner was quoted: "The Yankee three-inch rifle was a dead shot at any distance under a mile. They could hit the end of a flour barrel more often than miss, unless the gunner got rattled." The 1st Minnesota Light Artillery Battery converted into the 3-inch Rifle on 5 March 1864, though they were considered "3-inch Rodman's guns" in a 11 Nov. 1864 letter from 1st Lieutenant Henry S. Hurter to the Minnesota Adjutant General. The 1st Minnesota Light Artillery took part in the Atlanta Campaign.

Parrott rifles

The Parrott rifle, invented by Robert Parker Parrott, was manufactured in different sizes, from 10-pounders up to the rare 300-pounder. The 10- and 20-pounder versions were used by both armies in the field. The smaller size was much more prevalent; it came in two bore sizes: 2.9-inch (74 mm) and 3.0-inch (76 mm). Confederate forces used both bore sizes during the war, which added to the complication of supplying the appropriate ammunition to its batteries. Until 1864, Union batteries used only the 2.9 inch Parrott, but they also employed 3" Ordnance rifles. During the 1st day of Gettysburg, three Parrott rifles were temporarily unusable when 3" ammunition was issued to the battery by mistake. Following this plans were made to re-rifle all of the 2.9" Parrotts to 3", so as to standardize ammunition and no further 2.9" Parrotts were to be produced. The M1863, with a 3-inch (76 mm) bore, had firing characteristics similar to the earlier model; it can be recognized by its straight barrel, without muzzle-swell. Parrotts were manufactured with a combination of cast iron and wrought iron. The cast iron improved the accuracy of the gun but was brittle enough to suffer fractures. On the Parrott, a large wrought iron reinforcing band was overlaid on the breech. Although accurate, the Parrott had a poor reputation for safety, and they were shunned by many artillerymen. (At the end of 1862, Henry J. Hunt attempted to get the Parrott eliminated from the Army of the Potomac's inventory.) The 20-pounder was the largest field gun used during the war, with the barrel alone weighing over 1,800 pounds (800 kg).

James rifles

James rifles were an early solution to the need for rifled artillery at the start of the war. 6-pounder bronze guns could be rifled to fire the projectiles invented by Charles T. James. Some were simply rifled from their initial 3.67" bore, others were reamed to 3.80" then rifled. Reaming to 3.80" was preferred to eliminate wear deformities from service. Nomenclature for the two sizes could be muddled and varied, but the effective descriptions for the 3.67" are "rifled 6-pounder" or "12-pounder James rifle", while the 3.80" variant was known as the 14-pounder James rifle. To add to the confusion new bronze (and a few iron) variants of the 3.80" bore rifle (14-pounder James rifle) were also produced with a longer, heavier tube utilizing the Ordnance profile. Although the James rifles were reported to be extremely accurate, bronze rifling wears rapidly and the James rifles and projectiles soon fell out of favor. No new James rifles were known to have been produced after 1862.[24] The total numbers of James rifles are uncertain, but the 1862 Ohio Quartermaster General annual report recorded 82 rifled bronze pieces (44 of those specified as "3.80 bore [James rifles]") out of a total of 162 of all field artillery types. Unusual or out of favor types migrated to the Western theaters.

12-Pounder Whitworth Breechloading Rifle. Whitworth The Whitworth, designed by Joseph Whitworth and manufactured in England, was a rare gun during the war, but was an interesting precursor to modern artillery in that it was loaded from the breech and had exceptional accuracy over great distance. An engineering magazine wrote in 1864 that, "At 1600 yards [1500 m] the Whitworth gun fired 10 shots with a lateral deviation of only 5 inches." This degree of accuracy made it effective in counter-battery fire, used almost as the equivalent of a sharpshooter's rifle, and also for firing over bodies of water. It was not popular as an anti-infantry weapon. It had a caliber of 2.75 inches (70 mm). The bore was hexagonal in cross-section, and the projectile was a long bolt that twisted to conform to the rifling. It is said that the bolts made a very distinctive eerie sound when fired, which could be distinguished from other projectiles.

Ammunition

Artillery ammunition came in wide varieties, designed to attack specific targets. A typical Union artillery battery (armed with six 12-pounder Napoleons) carried the following ammunition going into battle: 288 shot, 96 shells, 288 spherical cases, and 96 canisters. Shot (or bolt) Shot was a solid projectile that included no explosive charge. For a smoothbore, the projectile was a round "cannonball". For a rifled gun, the projectile was referred to as a bolt and had a cylindrical or spherical shape. In both cases, the projectile was used to impart kinetic energy for a battering effect, particularly effective for the destruction of enemy guns, limbers and caissons, and wagons. It was also effective for mowing down columns of infantry and cavalry and had psychological effects against its targets. Despite its effectiveness, many artillerymen were reluctant to use solid shot, preferring the explosive types of ordnance. With solid projectiles, accuracy was the paramount consideration, and they also caused more tube wear than their explosive counterparts. While rifled cannon had much greater accuracy on average than smoothbores, the smoothbores had an advantage firing round shot relative to the bolts fired from rifled pieces. Round shot could be employed in ricochet or rolling fire extending the depth and range of its effect on land or water while bolts tended to dig in rather than ricochet. Shell Shells included an explosive charge and were designed to burst into fragments in the midst of enemy infantry or artillery. For smoothbores, the projectile was referred to as "spherical shell". Shells were more effective against troops behind obstacles or earthworks, and they were good for destroying wooden buildings by setting them on fire. They were ineffective against good quality masonry. A primary weakness of shell was that it typically produced only a few large fragments, the count increasing with caliber of the shell. A Confederate mid-war innovation perhaps influenced by British ordnance/munition imports was the "polygonal cavity" or "segmented" shell which used a polyhedral cavity core to create lines of weakness in the shell wall that would yield more regular fragmentation patterns—typically 12 similarly sized fragments. While segmented designs were most common in spherical shell, it was applied to specific rifled projectiles as well. Spherical shell used time fuses, while rifled shell could use timed fuse or be detonated on impact by percussion fuse. Fuse reliability was a concern; any shell that buried itself into the earth before detonating had little anti-personnel effectiveness. However, large caliber shells, such as the 32-pounder spherical were effective at breaching entrenchments. Case (or shrapnel) Case (or "spherical case" for smoothbores) were anti-personnel projectiles carrying a smaller burst charge than shell, but designed to be more effective against exposed troops. While shell produced only a few large fragments, case was loaded with lead or iron balls and was designed to burst above and before the enemy line, showering down many more small but destructive projectiles on the enemy. The effect was analogous to a weaker version of canister. With case the lethality of the balls and fragments came from the velocity of the bursting projectile itself—the small burst charge only fragmented the case and dispersed the shrapnel. The spherical case used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 78 balls. The name shrapnel derives from its inventor, Henry Shrapnel. The primary limitations to case effectiveness came in judging the range, setting the fuse accordingly, and the reliability and variability of the fuse itself. Canister Canister shot was the deadliest type of ammunition, consisting of a thin metal container loaded with layers of lead or iron balls packed in sawdust. Upon exiting the muzzle, the container disintegrated, and the balls fanned out as the equivalent of a shotgun blast. The effective range of canister was only 400 yards (370 m), but within that range dozens of enemy infantrymen could be mowed down. Even more devastating was "double canister", generally used only in dire circumstances at extremely close range, where two containers of balls were fired simultaneously. Grapeshot Grapeshot was the predecessor of, and a variation on, canister, in which a smaller number of larger metal balls were arranged on stacked iron plates with a threaded bolt running down the center to hold them as a unit inside the barrel. It was used at a time when some cannons burst when loaded with too much gunpowder, but as cannons got stronger, grapeshot was replaced by canister. A grapeshot round (or "stand") used in a 12-pounder Napoleon contained 9 balls, contrasted against the 27 smaller balls in a canister round. By the time of the Civil War, grapeshot was obsolete and largely replaced by canister. The period Ordnance and Gunnery work states that grape was excluded from "field and mountain services." Few, if any, rounds were issued to field artillery batteries.

During the Civil War over 1,000 different types of bullets were used for rifles and pistols. The "minié" ball, a lead, hollow based bullet was the standard infantry bullet of the Civil War.The rifle and minié bullet together changed the face of warfare forever. For the first time in history, infantrymen could aim their weapons at a target a fair distance away and actually have a chance of hitting it.During the Civil War over half a million soldiers were wounded in combat, a staggering one third of the soldiers in both armies. Two hundred thousand others had been killed fighting in the four years of the war. Ninety percent of the soldiers killed on the fields of battle owed their fate to the rifle and the minié bullet.

"Vehicles"

Horses were required to pull the enormous weight of the cannon and ammunition; on average, each horse pulled about 700 pounds (317.5 kg). Each gun in a battery used two six-horse teams: one team pulled a limber that towed the gun, the other pulled a limber that towed a caisson. The large number of horses posed a logistical challenge for the artillery, because they had to be fed, maintained, and replaced when worn out or injured. Artillery horses were generally selected second from the pool of high quality animals; cavalry mounts were the best horses. The life expectancy of an artillery horse was under eight months. They suffered from disease, exhaustion from long marches—typically 16 miles (25.8 km) in 10 hours—and battle injuries. Horses were larger and stupider than men when subjected to counter-battery fire, and their movements were made difficult because they were harnessed together into teams.

A limber was a two-wheeled carriage that carried an ammunition chest. It was connected directly behind the team of six horses and towed either a gun or a caisson. In either case, the combination provided the equivalent of a four-wheeled vehicle, which distributed the load over two axles but was easier to maneuver on rough terrain than a four-wheeled wagon. The combination of a Napoleon gun and a packed limber weighed 3,865 pounds (1,753.1 kg).

A caisson was also a two-wheeled carriage. It carried two ammunition chests and a spare wheel. A fully loaded limber and caisson combination weighed 3,811 pounds (1728.6 kg).The limbers, caissons, and gun carriages were all constructed of oak. Each ammunition chest typically carried about 500 pounds (226.8 kg) of ammunition or supplies. In addition to these vehicles, there were also battery supply wagons and portable forges that were used to service the guns.